Out of
Our Minds

Ideas, arguments, and musings from inside Harding Loevner.
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“CATL Inside”? EV-Battery Maker Making a Name for Itself

A couple of news stories that crossed our transom recently reminded us that the batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are not all the same, and that’s a good thing for China’s CATL.

CATL is the world’s largest maker of batteries, which are by far the highest-value component of EVs. In recent years, the company has gained considerable share globally and now accounts for nearly 40% of global EV-battery shipments, more than its three closest competitors combined. Over time, we have seen CATL’s brand emerging as an asset in itself, as its technology and quality differentiate its products from what were largely seen as commodity items.

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Hit-or-Miss Nature of Video Games Belies Industry’s Consistent Earnings

Video games, much like movies, are a lumpy business. Every so often a hit comes along upon which a publisher can build a long-running franchise—Activision Blizzard’s Call of Duty, for example, just released a well-received 21st installment. Other times, you can find gamers and investors alike grumbling over the industry delays, bugs, and titles that completely flop.

Still, for a lumpy business, the gaming industry is consistently very profitable. Just look at how it stacks up against the Consumer Staples sector, which is arguably the definition of consistency due to the reliability of demand for basic goods. Economic returns, as measured by cash flow return on investment, have not been as stable for video-game companies over the past 30 years as they have been for consumer staples, but their averages are closer than you might expect—and gaming companies have grown faster:

Global Providers of Interactive Home Entertainment vs. Consumer Staples Companies

Source: Harding Loevner, HOLT database.
Recently, some gaming companies have hit a rough patch. French publisher Ubisoft pushed back the release of Shadows, the next installment of its Assassin’s Creed franchise, from November 12 of this year to February 14 next year, citing the need to “further polish” the game and refunding customers who pre-ordered. Ubisoft said it took these steps after learning from its experience with Star Wars Outlaws, an August release plagued by bugs and criticism over the gameplay. The consecutive disappointments led the company to lower its financial forecasts for the year, which also dragged down its stock price.

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Morocco Expands Its Vistas

The following is adapted from our third-quarter report for the Frontier Emerging Markets Equity strategy. Click here to read the full report.

You can see Morocco from Europe, nine miles away from southernmost Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar, yet the African nation flies under the radar for many global investors. Nevertheless, Morocco’s US$150 billion economy is one of the most developed in Africa, featuring advanced infrastructure that has improved the quality of life for its 38 million inhabitants, facilitated trade, and encouraged private investment. Now the country is embarking on an ambitious program to boost growth even more over the next decade.

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Japan’s Mid-Quarter Market Turmoil Ends in Recovery for Fast-Growing Small Caps

An unexpected interest-rate increase from the Bank of Japan helped ignite a market firestorm during the third quarter.

The central bank’s decision in late July caused a swift appreciation in the yen, a currency shift that disrupted the widely used strategy known as the yen carry trade, where investors borrowed at low Japanese rates to purchase higher-yielding foreign assets. The rapid unwinding of these positions, combined with weaker US economic data and disappointing earnings from US technology giants, culminated in a 12% drop in Japan’s Nikkei index on August 5, while expected volatility in the US equity market spiked to a level not seen outside of major crises.

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Chinese Stocks Get a Jolt

Chinese stocks in September had their best week since the 2008 financial crisis after officials unveiled a new set of stimulus measures. The MSCI China Index surged 25% in just the last nine trading days of the third quarter, erasing 20 months’ worth of losses. Unlike other stimulus measures over the previous two years, this one was more comprehensive and included two key financial measures: a 50 basis point cut in the reserve requirement ratio for banks and a 20 basis point drop in the seven-day reverse repo rate.

There were additional measures aimed at boosting the real-estate sector, which rebounded by about 50% in late September, as seen in the chart below. The policy announcements included cutting mortgage rates for existing homeowners by as much as 50 basis points and cutting the down payment requirement for second home purchases by 15%.

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Momentum Investing and the Power of FOMO

The following is adapted from our third-quarter report for the International Equity strategy. Click here to read the full report.

Over the last 18 months, disciplined fundamental investors have been challenged by an episode of price momentum concentrated in a few of the largest stocks in the market. Price momentum refers to a phenomenon where securities whose prices have risen are more likely to keep rising in the short run, while those that have fallen are more likely to experience further declines. The concept of momentum has garnered sufficient adherents to secure its place in the pantheon of portfolio analytics and inspire the creation of numerous indices and ETFs designed to exploit it.

We have deliberately resisted incorporating the momentum factor into our investment process for several reasons. First, simple price momentum does not provide a fundamental basis for making investment decisions. Serial correlation of share price changes has, at best, a weak connection to the underlying business you’re investing in, and nothing to do with what it is worth. Second, momentum investing is literally “chasing” stocks that have already gone up or outperformed (or selling those that already went down or underperformed). This approach leads to higher turnover and trading costs. Lastly, although momentum investing has shown net positive returns over very long periods, there is considerable volatility in its return path. Momentum works until it doesn’t, and when it doesn’t, all the gains you made can be reversed more quickly than you can exit the market. This whipsaw effect makes momentum investing much harder to stomach in practice than it appears in theory.

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Compass Group’s Scale Helps It Win Catering Customers

Compass Group, a new holding in the Harding Loevner Global Equity strategy, is the largest food-catering company in the world. Based in Chertsey, England, the business provides everything from corporate dining to stadium concessions—including at Stamford Bridge, home of Chelsea Football Club—to food services for hospitals, retirement homes, universities such as Texas A&M, and even offshore oil rigs.

While some of its rivals have recognizable names—Aramark, Sodexo—the global food-service industry is still so fragmented that Compass’s 15% market share is 2.5 times that of the next-largest player. This scale is a key competitive advantage because it allows Compass to earn attractive margins while providing better service at better prices than competitors, and lower than the cost of a business managing its food needs in-house (which many still do). Customers that outsource their catering to Compass tend to be loyal—96% renew their contracts. This high retention rate along with Compass’s demonstrated ability to pass on inflationary cost increases to customers are evidence of its strong bargaining power over buyers.

Food service isn’t a particularly fast-growing industry, but Compass has plenty of room to increase its market share by converting more self-operators to customers as well as by using its strong balance sheet to acquire smaller competitors. The company has been a serial acquirer but also a smart one. Its sales have continued to grow at a high-single-digit rate through a combination of M&A and winning new business, and the stock has risen at a compound annual rate of 9% (in US dollars) over the past decade.

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Why Own International Stocks?

For more than a decade, equity returns in international markets have trailed those of the US. There are various possible explanations, but a central one is that the US, after first staging a faster recovery from the global financial crisis, has tended to produce stronger earnings growth in the years since. Meanwhile, from an international perspective, everything from a strong dollar to geopolitical conflict to volatility in emerging markets to China’s economic slowdown have weighed on relative returns. It also doesn’t help that the arrival of ChatGPT, and the enthusiasm and competition it has inspired for generative artificial intelligence technology, has lately encouraged an almost singular focus on a handful of US tech stocks—out of nearly 2700 index constituents, a mere 0.2% of the companies in the MSCI ACWI Index.

Some investors look at the difference between international and US returns and, expecting that current conditions will persist, wonder what place non-US equities have in a portfolio today. But while it’s easy to fall into that line of thinking, history suggests it is likely wrong. The relative performance of US and non-US stocks has historically been a cyclical phenomenon, and as the chart below shows, their indexes have regularly swapped between leader and laggard over the past 50 years.

Streaming’s Road to Profitability

In the pre-streaming era, cable companies wielded enormous pricing power over consumers by building regional monopolies with few substitutes. Today, Netflix, Disney, and others are attempting to capture the same profit pool that was once controlled by those cable providers. To do so, scale is crucial.

But achieving scale isn’t as easy as loading up an app with as many good shows and movies as possible. Content is expensive, and the formula for profitability is simple: number of subscribers multiplied by average revenue per user minus content costs. Disney overspent on content during the pandemic years in a race to add subscribers. Because of this, the frenzied spending on content has abated. According to Harding Loevner analysts Uday Cheruvu, CFA, and Igor Tishin, PhD, Netflix has shown that to achieve scale and remain profitable, a service needs to offer a sufficient breadth and depth of content so that every person in a household finds the service useful and there is no incentive to cancel—but not so much that it becomes too costly to produce. Watch the videos above for highlights from their discussion at the Harding Loevner 2024 Investor Forum.

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BBVA Takes a Risk By Going Hostile

BBVA is Spain’s second-largest bank and wants to get bigger. Management thought a good way to do that would be to buy its rival Sabadell, Spain’s fourth-largest bank. The resulting firm would be Spain’s second-largest bank, with a roughly US$70 billion market cap, 100 million customers around the world, and US$1 trillion in assets. Sabadell’s management, however, was not so taken with the idea, and rejected the offer.

After being rebuffed on its US$12.9 billion “friendly” offer at the beginning of May—a 30% premium to Sabadell’s market cap at the time—BBVA came back with a US$13.1 billion offer that it plans to present directly to Sabadell shareholders, bypassing management. This kind of hostile merger is a rarity among banks. Mergers are risky enough on their own. Hostile mergers amplify those risks, and hostile mergers in the highly regulated world of banking amplify them even further.

Analyst Isaac May presents a few of the biggest reasons why hostile mergers for banks can be risky, and portfolio manager Moon Surana presents counterarguments for why BBVA might be able to overcome those risks.

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Growth Is Beating Value in the US. Will International Follow?

Non-US markets have underperformed the US for quite some time. This has been exacerbated lately by their diverging style factors.

As seen in the chart above, investors largely favored value stocks as the global economy began to reemerge from the COVID-19 pandemic following emergency-use authorization of the first vaccine in late 2020. This headwind for growth stocks has been most significant, and enduring, in international markets. For example, the MSCI All Country World ex US Growth Index lagged its value counterpart by nearly 30 percentage points in the three years through October 2023. But while the value rally has continued outside the US, 2023 saw investors reembrace US growth stocks despite their relatively high valuations.

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Chipmaking Is Getting More Complex. Daifuku’s Smart Monorails Keep Fabs Running Smoothly

In semiconductor manufacturing, a single speck of dust poses a threat to production. It’s why cleanrooms, the sterile labs where silicon wafers get etched and cut into pieces, and then packaged as finished chips—with thousands of steps in between—contain few humans. To reduce the risk of contamination and defects, materials are largely transported by automated monorail systems that travel along the ceiling.

Source: Daifuku.
While advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) have put a spotlight on the companies that design and manufacture chips, as well as their data-center customers, providers of cleanroom technology play an increasingly critical role in a world of high-performance computing. Not only is the industry for cleanroom automation characterized by an attractive competitive structure, but new trends and challenges in chipmaking are also improving the growth outlook for this specialized material-handling technology. One player in particular may stand to benefit, and that is Daifuku.

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TOMRA Struggles to Save the World and Turn a Profit

TOMRA built a business that has benefitted its shareholders and the environment. The Asker, Norway-based company sells “reverse vending machines” that collect used soda cans and other recyclables as well as advanced sorting systems, such as those used in recycling plants to sift through waste and find reusable material. It was founded in 1972 and its growth has benefitted from and mirrored the environmental movement that began in the 1970s. In the half century since, TOMRA has expanded into more than 100 markets around the world, making money for its shareholders while helping clean up the planet.

TOMRA has a dominant business position. The company’s scale, brand, and service network are difficult to match for smaller competitors or new entrants. It has a 70% global market share in reverse vending machines, and roughly 50% of the market for sorting machines. A third division focuses on adapting its sorting technology for production and processing in the food industry.

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Valuation is in the Eye of the Beholder

The structure of sports leagues in the United States differs from those seen elsewhere in the world. Most importantly, American sports teams compete annually against pretty much the same opposition. The composition of leagues such as the NFL or NBA is largely static, with new franchises entering only rarely and with the agreement of the owners of other teams. The same holds true for various minor leagues, which operate in conjunction with the largest professional leagues, but whose teams don’t move between levels of the sport.

In UK soccer, the sport with which I am involved, in contrast, the league is composed of linked divisions arranged in a hierarchy where membership of each division changes at the end of every season—based on merit, so that the top few teams in each division move up in the hierarchy, and the bottom few clubs move down. The drama around the joy of promotion to a higher division and the misery of relegation to a lower one is part of what makes the sport so compelling; for fans (and owners) of clubs involved in the battle to win one or avoid the other, the chase can be both thrilling and terrifying.

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Frontier Markets Require an Active Look

At Harding Loevner, we focus on building portfolios from the bottom up, guided by our quality-growth philosophy, and rarely comment on actions of other investors or index providers. But sometimes it’s necessary to do so to highlight meaningful developments affecting the frontier emerging markets (FEM) asset class.

In June, asset manager BlackRock announced its intention to liquidate its Frontier & Select EM ETF, which once had assets exceeding US$400 million. The company cited currency liquidity challenges in several smaller frontier markets as the main reason for its decision.

BlackRock’s decision to close its passive FEM fund underscores our long-held belief that the idiosyncratic nature of frontier and small emerging markets, as well as their volatility and liquidity characteristics, make them much better suited for an active rather than passive investment strategy.

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Valuations Look Attractive for International Small Caps

International small caps continue to trade near their cheapest valuations relative to international large caps since the 2009 global recession. Although they are also valued at a discount to US small caps, the spread hasn’t changed much over the last two decades.

Even relative to their own historical valuation multiples, international small caps look cheap, with the MSCI All Country World ex US Small Cap Index trading at a price-to-earnings ratio of 14.8, 19% below its 2021 peak. This indicates there is an attractive valuation opportunity for small-cap investors, especially with respect to some high-quality, fast-growing international small companies.

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Indian Stock Valuations at All-Time High

Investors continue to pour into the Indian stock market. The Nifty 50 Index, up more than 10% year to date, continues to reach new highs. Much of that is due to gains from cheap stocks, including many state-owned enterprises (SOEs) benefiting from government spending. Finding high-quality companies in the Indian market at attractive valuations therefore has become difficult.

One way to understand valuations is the required rate of return, which measures the minimum return for which investors will be willing to allocate capital. An outside view that we refer to is a valuation framework from UBS’ data-analytics platform HOLT that backs out the implied required rate of return investors are demanding from securities in the market, referred to as the market implied yield. At a country level, India’s median market-implied yield of 1.4% is at an all-time low for India and an all-time high premium relative to the broader EM index.

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Japan’s Value Rally Persists

Examining the 1.2% gain of the MSCI All Country World ex US Index in the second quarter, the biggest style effect is evidenced in Japan where there continues to be a strong bias in favor of cheaper stocks, which outperformed the most expensive stocks there by nearly 700 basis points (bps). That brings the advantage for cheaper stocks over more expensive stocks, which tend to be higher-growth and higher-quality companies, to a 1,500bp difference year to date.

As we’ve explored previously, the performance of certain factors can shift markedly in just a few years. Time will tell if this value rally gives way to better performance for more expensive, higher-quality, faster-growing companies in Japan.

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The Magnificent Seven Skew Market Returns, Style Factors

A small group of US stocks, dubbed the Magnificent Seven, continues to dominate returns in global markets. As seen in the chart above, nearly half of the gains in the MSCI All Country World Index for the first six months of 2024, and all of the gains in the second quarter, came from just these seven stocks.

The phenomenon is not new, although it has become more extreme this year. The Magnificent Seven has accounted for about a third of the index’s return since the end of 2022:

The significant outperformance of the Magnificent Seven has skewed style factors, particularly growth.

How Retailers Are Managing Disruption by China’s Shein, Temu

The following is based on a panel discussion among our retail analysts at the Harding Loevner 2024 Investor Forum.

The three most important considerations for companies in the retail industry are product, price, and place. This is because a retailer generally differentiates itself through what it sells, how much it charges, or how convenient it is for customers to shop there. Therefore, when new rivals enter the industry, they tend to target perceived shortcomings in one or more of these areas.

The clearest example of how these dynamics can play out has been the rise of e-commerce over the past two decades. Websites such as Amazon.com were able to take market share from store-based retailers by providing shoppers a greater assortment, price transparency and savings, and the ability to shop from their homes.

Now, a new class of online retailers is finding room to further disrupt the 3Ps of retail by offering deep discounts on trendy apparel and other impulse purchases. They include Shein, a company that is aiming to go public soon, Temu, a subsidiary of China’s PDD Holdings, as well as TikTok Shop, a shopping feature that was added to the namesake social-media app owned by China’s ByteDance. (While Shein has moved its headquarters to Singapore, its operations are also primarily in China.) All three cross-border operators are bringing specific competitive advantages to large retail markets such as the US and Brazil.

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Our 2024 Semi-Annual Letter to Shareholders

It has been our long-standing belief that high-quality businesses will weather difficult or shifting economic environments better than most. This, in part, is due to their operational resilience that allows us to hold on to our investments in their shares during periods of stock market turmoil.

In our semi-annual letter to shareholders, we examine the conundrum of the high-quality return premium, and its possible explanation based in behavioral finance. And we emphasize our dedication to our rigorous investment process in considering companies fueling the recent artificial intelligence boom.

Our long experience may not be a guarantee of skill or prescience. But it does afford us perspective on the ways technological advances affect a wide variety of industries, and the companies operating within them globally. We’re optimistic that our thoughtful and evolving process to analyze those businesses, will, with dedicated effort, yield good long-term investment results.

Investments involve risk and loss is possible.

The Portfolio’s investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses must be read and considered carefully before investing. The statutory and summary prospectuses contain this and other important information about the investment company. They may be obtained by calling toll free (877) 435-8105, or visiting hardingloevnerfunds.com.

The Portfolio is distributed by Quasar Distributors, LLC.

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Nigerian Banks Look for Inflection Point

Nigeria offers frontier and emerging-market investors enticing opportunities. It is a resource-rich nation with Africa’s largest population and fourth-largest economy. But when a country has gone through as many ups and downs as Nigeria has, signs of progress should be looked at cautiously.

Since last year’s election of former Lagos governor Bola Tinubu to the presidency, Nigeria has implemented a series of economic reforms designed to stabilize the country after a decade of mismanagement and allow it to profit from its own potential. What we as investors are looking for is the proverbial inflection point, a time when the reforms start producing tangible economic benefits. That would be good for the nation in general, and it would also be particularly good for Zenith Bank, Guaranty Trust Bank, and other large, high-quality Nigerian banks.

Over the Barrel: The Complex Task of Decarbonizing the World

Fossil fuels are the lifeblood of modern society, used for everything from heating homes to powering cars and planes to generating the electricity that keeps the internet running. Crude oil, natural gas, and coal currently meet about 80% of our energy needs globally, but 75% of carbon dioxide emissions come from finding and burning these fossil fuels. There is a consensus about transitioning away from those sources of energy, given how much they contribute to climate change, but there is not a consensus on how much our reliance upon them can be cut or what will replace them. There does not appear to be one clear replacement and there will likely be multiple pathways to decarbonizing the global economy. To understand our energy future, it is helpful to have a perspective on past efforts to develop new energy sources. In this excerpt from the 2024 Harding Loevner Investor Forum, our analysts offer some perspective on the history of energy transition.

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Mobileye Steers Closer to Autonomous Driving

The road to creating fully autonomous vehicles has been plagued by technological obstacles and accidents. Apple scrapped its decade-long electric vehicle project this year after reportedly struggling to create a self-driving car. Last October, a pedestrian in San Francisco was trapped under a driverless car operated by Cruise, which is majority owned by General Motors. And Tesla has been the target of lawsuits and regulatory investigations due to fatal accidents involving cars equipped with its Autopilot feature.

When most people think of automation in driving, they think of cars that could operate anywhere without a human driver, or what the Society of Automotive Engineers calls “Level 5 automation.” But many cars on the road today offer some level of automation, whether it’s lane centering features or adaptive cruise control, or both. The key distinction in these so-called Level 1 and Level 2 systems is that these features support the driver, rather than replacing the driver as the higher levels would.

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What If Fashion Were Taxed Like Cigarettes?

The fast-fashion industry produces a lot of waste but has largely avoided any consequences for its impact on the environment. That is starting to change.

The lower house of France’s Parliament passed a bill in February that would impose a “sin tax” of up to 10 euros or 50% of the selling price on fast-fashion clothing, a severe penalty given that many of these products cost less than €10. The bill would also ban advertising and demands that companies in the industry disclose the environmental impact of their businesses. The bill was approved unanimously and moved to the upper house of Parliament. If it becomes law, it will make France one of the first countries to impose this type of penalty on fast-fashion companies.

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A Quality Problem

For almost half a century, a niche within empirical finance has dedicated itself to sifting through accounting data in search of company traits that influence stock prices. Despite the plethora of factors unearthed, figuring out the precise drivers behind their behavior is still a bit of a mystery. For investors, simply identifying a factor isn’t enough; you also need to understand who’s on the other side of the trade—and why. Otherwise, who’s to say if a historical pattern will repeat in the future.

The difficulty in pinning down exactly what’s behind such canonical factors as quality, value, and momentum shouldn’t be a surprise. Factors can only be observed after the fact, but the underlying mechanisms that produce them are hidden. They are birthed from the complex interplay of buying and selling against a backdrop of economic and geopolitical shifts, all woven together by intricate feedback loops. Because they emerge as properties of a complex system, and because their returns wax and wane over decades, pinpointing a definitive root cause is quite the challenge.

India’s Net-Zero Progress

Maria Lernerman, CFA, portfolio manager for our Global Paris-Aligned and International Carbon Transition Equity strategies, recently traveled to India to observe the country’s emission reduction initiatives first-hand. In this video, she shares thoughts from her trip and highlights hurdles that the country must overcome to progress toward net-zero status.

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At Costco, Lower Prices, Higher Club Fees May Stoke Competition

Until recently, Costco charged US$16.99 for a 24-pack of San Pellegrino. Now, that same item retails for US$14.99—a 12% reduction.

Sparkling water isn’t the only product looking cheaper at Costco these days. During a quarterly earnings call in March, Chief Financial Officer Richard Galanti seemed to signal an inflection point when he rattled off a variety of goods for which prices were being lowered: Kirkland batteries (from US$17.99 down to US$15.99) and reading glasses (US$18.99 to US$16.99), as well as sporting goods and lawn-care products. A bag of frozen fruit was even reduced by US$4. Plus, there was a more subtle clue about the direction of retail pricing: inflation was mentioned just seven times on the call, compared with 35 times during the March 2023 earnings call. (As for the recent trade disruptions in the Panama Canal and Red Sea, management said this hadn’t pushed up prices because of the long-term nature of shipping contracts.)

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Japan’s Reforms Lift Stocks of Lowest-Quality Companies

Japan remains the single-largest country weight in the MSCI All Country World ex US Small Cap Index. However, the country’s weak economic growth, aging population, tight labor conditions, and chronic deflation have long made it a challenge to find high-quality, growing companies there.

Government regulators and the Tokyo Stock Exchange recently introduced a flurry of reforms aimed at improving corporate governance and shareholder returns. As discussed in our fourth quarter 2023 report, these actions have primarily benefited the cheapest stocks, given that they are typically associated with the least-profitable and slowest-growing companies. Additionally, the Bank of Japan has raised short-term interest rates, ending its decade-long era of negative rates. This landmark move boosted Japanese value stocks in the first quarter, further exacerbating the region’s style headwinds.

As the chart above to the right shows, the cheapest stocks in Japan outperformed the most expensive by nearly 1,600 basis points in the first quarter. For the trailing 12-month period, it’s worse: The spread between the most expensive and cheapest quintile was nearly 46%. The left and center charts show that investors also have favored slower-growing and lower-quality companies.

We don’t know how long this value rally will persist. In the short run, some of the changes have clearly exacerbated, and could prolong, style headwinds for higher-quality, faster-growing companies. But over the long term, the changes in Japanese business policy and mindset are positive developments. As more businesses raise their standards, the number of high-quality companies in Japan may increase.

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NVIDIA’s Competitive Structure May Be More Fragile Than Its Valuation Implies

Advances in artificial intelligence have created an AI gold rush, and one company—NVIDIA—supplies the necessary picks and shovels. With a dominant position in a fast-growing market, shares of NVIDIA have soared. However, NVIDIA’s competitive advantage may be more fragile than its stock price indicates.

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Quality Is Becoming More Affordable in China, Less So In India

While challenges in China persist, Chinese companies look better than China’s economy.

Some key parts of the Chinese economy continue to stabilize. Manufacturing activities expanded in March for the first time in six months, led by new orders from domestic customers as well as by export orders. The government is pushing for more domestic production in strategic industries such as green technology and advanced manufacturing. Growth in services activities has remained good, with travel and tourism continuing to rebound. We are also seeing increasing localization as Chinese companies prefer Chinese suppliers over multinational corporations to de-risk their own supply chain. This is leading to domestic market-share gains for many companies. Finally, valuations for some high-quality companies look compelling at these levels.

Quality growth stocks in China have derated significantly since 2019 and are now trading at a nearly 40% discount to developed-market counterparts and emerging markets (EMs) as a whole. Conversely, while valuations of Indian companies have moderated slightly over the past year, they continue to be expensive relative to the rising valuations in developed markets. Quality growth stocks in India still trade at a significant premium to other EMs.

India’s evolving economy is promising, as witnessed by our analysts on a recent trip to the country; however, the stock market rally in response has probably gone too far, especially with regards to small and mid-cap stocks. Today, valuations remain stretched across most sectors.

Note: Top QG quadrant is defined as companies with a QR score > 0.5 and a GR score > 0.5. VR Score based on weighted average.

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Chips of the Trade: TSMC, Samsung Benefit from AI Demand

In international markets, a big theme of investor interest relates to companies developing the underlying technology that powers AI. This includes the designers and manufacturers of the advanced semiconductors necessary to run AI, as well as producers of semiconductor manufacturing equipment and providers of the critical computing infrastructure required by AI systems.

Expectations are that semiconductor industry revenue growth will accelerate to annualized double-digit levels this decade, spurred by demand for AI chips. This would be a growth rate well above levels that we’ve seen since the mid-1990s, with predictions that the roughly US$50 billion dollars of AI chips sold in 2023 could rise to US$400 billion dollars of sales before the end of the decade.

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Amazon’s Latest Logistical Feat Delivers Long-Term Profit Gains

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) captures investors’ curiosity, Amazon’s AWS web-services division has been in the spotlight. How the performance of AWS is affected by the growth in AI is important because even though the business accounts for less than 20% of Amazon’s overall revenue, it has been the source of most of the company’s profits in recent years.

But with so much focus on AI, what is perhaps under-appreciated is that Amazon’s e-commerce business recently underwent a transformation of its own—a rethinking of how it gets customers’ packages from point A to point B. Because of this new strategy, the business, where profitability has been low and erratic, may be on the cusp of a new era in which margins finally reach—and sustain—an attractive level.

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Baidu Abandons Moonshots to Search for Earthly Profits

In early January, Chinese internet giant Baidu surprised markets with the news that it was donating a cutting-edge quantum computer, the lab where it was built, and all the associated technology to the Chinese government.

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Ramadan’s Shifting Dates Have Complex Effects on Businesses

The holy month of Ramadan affects companies and products differently each year, and it is essential for investors in Muslim-majority countries to understand these effects. The holiday, during which Muslims fast from dawn to dusk, starts 10-12 days earlier each year, unlike fixed holidays such as Christmas. This year, Ramadan starts at sunset on March 10 and lasts until April 9.

Ramadan’s Slowly Shifting Seasonality

Timing of Ramadan relative to Northern Hemisphere seasons, 2010-2040

The fact that the holy month moves each year means that the effects of Ramadan on businesses change over time. Recently, when Ramadan was during the summer, it was a significant headwind for companies such as brewers, as the fast suppressed demand for beer during what would otherwise be a peak month. But now as Ramadan is moving earlier in the year, that headwind will lessen.

Learn more about Ramadan’s effect on businesses in Muslim-majority countries, or those with significant Muslim populations, in our extended analysis.

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How Persistent Are Quality and Growth?

At Harding Loevner, we are quality growth investors, which means we seek to invest in well-managed, financially sound businesses that can sustain profitable growth across economic cycles. But what do we mean when we talk about quality and growth as attributes of a company? While there is no standard definition of quality or growth in the investing world, our quality rankings consider factors such as the stability, level, and trend of a company’s profitability as well as its balance-sheet strength, and our growth rankings consider historical and estimated future changes in sales, earnings, and cash flows.

How companies perform on those measures can change over time. Industry dynamics evolve, which can lead to a shift in competitive positioning. Macroeconomic cycles and deviations in management strategy can also alter the long-term outlook. Even companies that consistently rank highly for quality and growth must be continuously assessed for signs of deterioration in their financial health, competitive advantages, and other factors. The challenge isn’t just determining the businesses that meet our criteria today, but also which businesses will sustain their quality and growth characteristics over the long run.

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Fewer Babies Means Better Business for Diaper Maker

Japan has been undergoing a baby bust for decades. In the early 1970s, there were years where more than 2 million babies were born in Japan, but since then, those numbers have declined steadily. By the 1990s, there were about 1.2 million babies born each year in Japan, while in 2022, births fell below 800,000 for the first time.

Source: The Statistics Bureau of Japan

Skiing in Avalanche Terrain Is a Lesson in Risk Management

Cognitive biases can wreak havoc on decision making. That’s why the Harding Loevner investment process is structured to help avoid errors in thinking that can lead investors to make irrational decisions. By identifying a strict set of criteria for the companies we hold and the method by which we track and debate these requisite characteristics, there’s less room for human behavioral flaws to influence our actions.

Backcountry skiers—who routinely navigate avalanche-prone terrain—seek to avoid danger in much the same way, says Patrick Todd, CFA, a portfolio manager and analyst at Harding Loevner. For example, every trip to the backcountry involves scrutinizing the snow conditions beforehand and making a pre-commitment that outlines the actions he and his group will take should the conditions differ once they ascend the mountain. Sometimes, the best decision is to turn back despite the time, effort, and money that already went into the trip. When skiers wrestle with this decision, it’s the sunk-cost fallacy at play, one of the many cognitive biases that can rear its ugly head in backcountry skiing—and investing.

In the video above, Patrick discusses more of the parallels between the risks in investing and backcountry skiing and how a thoughtful process can mitigate both.

Low Debt Companies Fare Better in High Interest Rate Times

Portfolio manager Andrew West, CFA, explains how selecting companies with strong balance sheets and low debt safeguards against the potential erosion of the value when interest rates are elevated.

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Can a Raw Deal Be Good for Netflix?

Did Netflix just put a headlock on the entertainment industry? On January 23, the company announced a US$5 billion deal to stream the professional wresting show Raw and other programs from World Wrestling Entertainment, expanding into live sports programming (the recent sexual-assault allegations against WWE founder Vince McMahon, which led to his resignation from the board of WWE’s parent company, appear unlikely to derail the partnership).

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Japan Digging Out of Chronic Deflation One IT Worker at a Time

In Japan, it’s common for an employee to work for the same company for their entire career. Indeed, lifetime employment has been a central feature of the nation’s economy since World War II, and with such limited job mobility, nominal wages haven’t grown for three decades.

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Our 2023 Letter to Shareholders

Three years since the first COVID-19 vaccine was approved, growth investors have felt the pain of a relative bear market compared to their value peers. In our annual letter to shareholders, we examine the current economic climate, and discuss why we believe that the types of companies in which we invest are well-positioned to navigate the challenges ahead.

In sum, this time is no different from similar periods in the past in which our taste for high-quality, rapidly growing companies has been out of step with market fashion. We foresee an eventual return of investor focus on such fundamental factors in the face of uncertain and slower economic and corporate profit growth. We therefore remain committed to our favored targets, while reinforcing our attention to the price we are asked to pay for them.

Investments involve risk and loss is possible.

The Portfolio’s investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses must be read and considered carefully before investing. The statutory and summary prospectuses contain this and other important information about the investment company. They may be obtained by calling toll free (877) 435-8105, or visiting hardingloevnerfunds.com.

The Portfolio is distributed by Quasar Distributors, LLC.

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Experience in a “Wicked” World

We often hear about the value of experience in the investment business. But what, really, is that value? Implicit in the idea that experience is valuable is a belief that experience necessarily leads to expertise. (I’m using psychology professor Gregory Northcraft’s definition of being a expert here—experts have superior predictive models that work.)

Analyzing Industry Structure through Porter’s Five Forces Model

As bottom-up investors, we aim to invest in high-quality growth businesses at reasonable prices to provide superior risk-adjusted returns over the long term. To determine what constitutes a high-quality growth business, we research a company’s management, financial strength, growth prospects, and we closely examine the industry in which it operates to determine the company’s competitive advantage.

It’s as important to examine a company’s industry as it is to examine the fundamentals of a company. An analysis of industry structure can inform how well-positioned a company is relative to competitors, as well as the profit potential for the company.

Our analysis is guided by Harvard University professor Michael Porter’s Five Forces, which were first introduced in a 1979 issue of Harvard Business Review and later detailed in his 1980 book, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.

In this six-part video series, we examine each Porter Force and discuss how we use them to analyze industries. Watch the series introduction below and click through to see how we leverage Michael Porter’s Five Forces framework for industry analysis.

Japan’s Past Hints at China’s Future

China faces a demographic shift similar to Japan three decades ago. Portfolio manager Jingyi Li explains how that comparison can help guide investors looking at China today.

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NVIDIA and the Cautionary Tale of Cisco Systems

NVIDIA, the giant semiconductor company founded by Taiwanese American Jensen Huang, seems invincible these days. Annual revenue has more than doubled since 2020. Its stock price has more than doubled this year and is up more than 700% over the past five years. It is one of the rare trillion-dollar market-cap companies.

Competitive Advantage and Pricing Power

Portfolio manager Jingyi Li discusses how several Global Equities portfolio companies are using their pricing power to navigate through this period of higher interest rates and higher inflation.

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The Democratic Republic of The Congo Could Be the Next Big Frontier Market, Eventually

The Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has abundant natural resources, rich farmland, and the powerful Congo River, has the potential to become the renewable-energy hub for the entire world and Africa’s breadbasket. I toured Kenya and the DRC in July on a trip organized by Nairobi-based Equity Bank, which operates a subsidiary in the DRC. As an analyst of frontier-market companies, what I saw intrigued me. The DRC is a nation with vast potential, as well as significant hurdles to overcome.

Navigating Conflict in the Middle East

Portfolio manager Anix Vyas, CFA, discusses how the current conflict in the Middle East is affecting International Small Companies portfolio holding CyberArk.

Chinese Companies Look Better than China’s Economy

In 2023, Chinese markets have been roiled by continued trade tensions, slowing economic growth, and deleveraging in the property sector. Despite this difficult backdrop, there are reasons to be optimistic about the growth prospects of some Chinese companies. Portfolio Managers Andrew West, CFA, and Lee Gao discuss their current perspectives on China with Portfolio Specialist Apurva Schwartz, including how they weigh the opportunities and risks of investing in the market.

Slowdown in Economic Growth

Real estate, the biggest source of wealth for Chinese consumers, was in bubble territory and has been slowing for a while. This has negatively affected consumer confidence and household consumption.

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Cable Strikes Back

Most people viewed the recent contentious negotiations between Walt Disney and Charter Communications like a prize fight: two combatants, one winner.

I see it differently. Viewed through the lens of Michael Porter’s competitive forces, which we use at Harding Loevner to analyze industry dynamics, the dispute was a clear example of a change in the bargaining power of buyers amid the changing economics of streaming services.

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Ozempic and the Substitution Trade

The diabetes drug Ozempic has made headlines recently as the secret behind several slimmed-down stars of the Bravo network’s “Real Housewives” franchise. Tabloid fodder doesn’t usually matter to investors, but the story of Ozempic is one worth reading.

The twist is that Ozempic, a trade name for semaglutide, is a diabetes drug, not an obesity drug. Semaglutide is however effective in inducing weight loss; its creator Novo Nordisk markets a separate version called Wegovy specifically for obesity. Wegovy became so popular there were shortages of it, so doctors began prescribing Ozempic “off label” for a condition other than its intended use. That popularity fueled Novo Nordisk shares and this month it pushed past LVMH as Europe’s most valuable company.

Growth Opportunities from Electrification

Portfolio manager Scott Crawshaw highlights several companies in our Emerging Markets portfolio that are poised to benefit from increasing electrical power demand.

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Meta Accelerates Its AI Game

Meta has been quieter about its artificial-intelligence-focused endeavors this year than some of its big-tech peers like Microsoft and NVIDIA, but it expects just as massive a transformation of its business from the much-hyped technology.

In its second-quarter earnings conference call, Meta founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg detailed how AI permeates the company. For example, nearly all of Meta’s advertisers now use at least one AI-based product, allowing them, for instance, to personalize and customize ads. He also touted an increase of 7% in time spent on Facebook after launching AI-recommended content from accounts that users don’t follow.

Now the company plans an aggressive push of its own version of generative AI, the kinds of large language models that have gotten so much attention lately. In July, the company released an open-source—i.e., free for even commercial use—generative AI platform called Llama 2, which Meta hopes will emerge as a competitor to OpenAI’s GPT-4. Meta is betting its platform will unleash users’ creative potential and result in a flood of content. If that occurs, Meta’s powerful algorithms for matching content with users—4 billion of them across all of its platforms—will become indispensable as a content-discovery tool with a rich set of monetization options from advertising to ecommerce to subscriptions.

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Generative AI Through a Fundamental-Research Lens

The following is an excerpt from our second-quarter report for the Global Equity strategy. Click here to read the full report.

Anyone who has interacted with popular AI models—asked them about the mysteries of life and the cosmos or created convincing Van Gogh replicas using AI-enabled image generators—can sense that we may be in the midst of a technological revolution. That prospect has consumed equity markets lately, with seven US tech-related stocks responsible for most of the market appreciation in the second quarter.

As an investor in high-quality, growing businesses, we have always tried to position this portfolio to benefit from secular trends, the kind that transcend economic cycles and are driven by fundamental changes in key areas such as tech. Still, it is incredibly difficult for anyone to predict how such trends will unfold; the vicissitudes of cryptocurrency are a sobering reminder of this. Furthermore, as seen with the rise of the internet and, later, mobile connectivity, technology is merely a platform; it’s the applications of the technology that eventually determine many of the winners and losers. In the case of generative AI, some of the future applications may not yet be conceivable, although many companies, even outside the tech field, are now pondering the possibilities.

India: Four Takeaways from Our Travels

With high GDP growth and a rapidly expanding industrial base, there is a lot of optimism about the Indian economy. And having passed China earlier this year as the world’s most populous nation, there is the potential for a “demographic dividend” to bolster that growth in the coming decades. Recently, three Harding Loevner colleagues traveled to India to talk to companies and see conditions on the ground for themselves. In the video series below, portfolio manager and analyst Jafar Rizvi and analysts Sean Contant and Chris Nealand discuss what they saw on their trip and their perspectives on India with portfolio specialist Apurva Schwartz.

Vietnam’s Labor Costs, Taxes Attract Chinese Manufacturers

Portfolio Manager Wenting Shen, CFA, and Portfolio Specialist Apurva Schwartz discuss why Chinese companies are relocating production facilities to Southeast Asia. Watch the rest of their conversation.

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What P&G’s Pricing Decisions Tell Us About Inflation

Inflation has been the relentless economic theme of the last two years. Even with interest rates higher than before the pandemic, global supply chains no longer paralyzed by virus-related bottlenecks, and the World Health Organization declaring an end to the COVID-19 emergency, prices for goods and services in many parts of the world continue to climb.

As the world’s largest consumer-goods company, Procter & Gamble provides insight into what’s driving the pricing decisions at big brands.

How Are Earnings of Emerging Markets Companies Holding Up?

Portfolio manager Pradipta Chakrabortty discusses the earnings bright spots within emerging markets regions and sectors.

Why Own International Companies?

When US stocks have outperformed for as long as they have—creating the world’s first trillion-dollar companies in the process—it’s easy to forget that plenty of highly profitable businesses exist a long way from Silicon Valley or Seattle.

While US companies account for just over 60% of the market capitalization of the MSCI All Country World Index, their weight is a tad misleading given that a few technology giants—Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft—weigh heavily on the scale. Together, those four are valued at nearly US$8 trillion, more than the next 15 largest US stocks combined.

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Small Caps: Adventures in Fundamental Research

How do you begin to research a company when so little information is readily available beyond a name and a set of regulatory filings? This is the challenge that defines small-cap investing, an asset class that invariably entails an adventure in fundamental research.

The superheroes of the stock market—mainly US corporations valued at or close to a trillion dollars—tend to dominate investment news and research. And yet little-known small companies—often based outside the US—that never generate a headline remain some of the most vibrant sources of innovation. If the biggest large caps sell the finished products that investors and consumers know well, small caps often occupy a small niche along the global supply chain, providing a critical piece of technology known only to its intended audience.

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Macro Do’s and Don’ts

This commentary is excerpted from the Harding Loevner Third Quarter 2022 International Report.

One of our more acid-tongued colleagues likes to observe that “just because we don’t do macro, it doesn’t mean the macro cannot do us.” The observation is a challenge to our bottom-up investment philosophy and merits a response. What does his comment really mean? Is he correct?

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Demolition Work in Progress

After cheering asset prices higher for the best part of two decades, the developed world’s central banks have dusted off their hard hats in preparation for a controlled demolition of real estate and equity prices. Much attention has focused on whether the central planners can tame inflation without crashing the real economy. Unfortunately, inflation is a syndrome—the manifestation of an interlocking set of imbalances between the real and financial economies. As such, it does not lend itself to being fine-tuned by even well-intentioned technocrats. Ultimately, the removal of monetary largess not only risks damaging real economic activity but also collapsing flimsy structures built up over 15 years of easy money.

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Going Home: An Account from China’s “Zero-COVID” Frontline

Prior to COVID-19, Wenting Shen travelled to China regularly to visit managements of current and prospective investments. Round-trip travel to China from the US was impossible during the first two years of COVID-19, but recent easing of US travel restrictions encouraged her to plan a trip. With seats going fast, she snagged one on a flight from Newark to Shanghai for March 30. After three negative PCR tests over seven days at a Chinese-government-approved clinic in Queens, New York, she was ready to fly.

But days before Shen’s departure, new complications arose: outbreaks of the Omicron variant in several Chinese cities, including Shanghai, were prompting citywide lockdowns. The flight was still due to depart, but had been rerouted to Fuzhou, a coastal city across the strait from Taiwan, 450 miles to the Southwest.

The natural—some would say, prudent—decision at this point might have been to postpone her trip. But Shen, worried she might not easily get another ticket, pressed ahead. Here are her travel bulletins.

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Does the Equity Market Know Something the Fixed Income Market Doesn’t?

Despite recent volatility the bond market has yet to lose its composure over the multi-decade high in inflation. In the US, ten-year Treasury yields have risen, but only to levels they reached prior to the pandemic, and, while ten-year real yields have been a little perkier, they are still below zero. As a result, the longer-term inflation expectations baked into today’s bond prices remain bunched up around 2% despite headline inflation running at over three times that rate. Short-term yields anticipate a series of hikes in the federal funds rate, the central bank’s standard response to persistent inflation, but even forward curves expect short-term yields to top out at only around 2.5%, within spitting distance of where they peaked back in 2018 when inflation was slumbering at 2%.

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Russia, Risk, and Decision-Making

Our portfolio results have suffered from the impact of Russia’s war with Ukraine that began on February 24 and from the sanctions exerted on Russia by the Western powers. On the eve of the invasion, our Emerging Markets (EM) Equity strategy owned four Russian stocks representing 8% of the portfolio, and our International Equity strategy owned two of those representing just over 2%. As I write this, trading has been halted in Russian securities, and we have assigned all our Russian holdings, for now, a carrying value of zero.

While ours certainly is not the only firm to have been caught out by Russian exposure, and the past few months of rising inflation and interest rate fears have in some ways brought even bigger headaches for our quality-growth investing style, the Russia losses were still “a gut punch,” as a colleague recently told NPR. And we have been asking ourselves, what did we get wrong, and debating what could have been predicted.

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Beauty and the Beast

The rise in passive investing is undoubtedly among the most important developments in asset management. The mass adoption of cheap, easily accessible portfolio building blocks that mimic the performance of market capitalization-weighted indices is nothing short of a paradigm shift. Indexed assets now account for over 50% of US domestic equity funds, 40% of global funds, and, despite a later start, already constitute 30% of fixed income fund assets.1 The shift is ongoing and it’s far from clear where the upper bound, if any, might lie.

Much of the debate surrounding indexing centers on the relative merits of taking an active versus passive investment approach. But the question of how indexing might be reshaping market structure is largely unexplored. The standing assumption is that, since passive investment flows mirror the prevailing distribution of capital, index trades are bereft of information and therefore have no effect on the pricing of the underlying securities; hence the overall scale of indexing is irrelevant. But this assumption becomes more tenuous as the share of passively managed assets grows. What if passive increased to, say, 100% of all equity assets? Would those investments still have no effect on prices?

It’s unclear how the widespread use of indexing may be affecting market structure; that is, at what point the sheer quantity of assets mimicking market behavior could start to change the behavior. Maybe it already has.

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A Ground’s Eye View on Inflation and Its Persistence

The pandemic sowed the seeds of today’s inflation. That much is clear. Last year, fear and government-mandated lockdowns sparked a global recession. Businesses rushed to cut production ahead of an anticipated slowdown in consumption, or were hobbled by forced plant closings, anxious workers, or snarled logistics. But the sheer sweep of the income support in many developed countries meant that household incomes didn’t fall nearly as far as had been expected based on the rise in unemployment. Unable to spend on services like eating out and travel, consumers flush with cash turned to buying, or attempting to buy, big-ticket goods and better houses.

The outsized demand for durable goods has run headlong into the diminished supply. While the springboard for price increases may have been reduced supply, the strength and persistence of those increases, which are now feeding through to labor markets, are raising the specter that aggregate demand is outpacing even normalized aggregate supply. There is precious little that monetary policy can do to counter supply-led inflation, but—Omicron willing—it is likely to be temporary. But if inflation comes to be led by stubborn excess demand, then tight monetary policy is the orthodox response, and we can expect central banks to hit the economy over the head with a brick to prevent a sustained wage-price spiral. Demand-led inflation would have significant implications for asset prices.

Inflation is notoriously difficult to forecast; even some at the US Federal Reserve (Fed) concede that it has no working model for inflation.1 We could do no better and accordingly make no effort to forecast future inflation. What we can do is talk to the companies we own or follow and tease out the impact on their earnings from the rising input costs they’re experiencing; their changing bargaining power vis à vis their suppliers; whether they are able to pass on higher costs to their customers before stifling demand; and how all that is coloring their business outlook. The following represents what our research analysts have been able to glean from those conversations.

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What’s Driving China’s Regulatory Transformation

On the surface, there are few precedents for China’s quick-fire regulatory changes, which over the past few months have transformed everything from e-commerce and education to health care and real estate.

One can only speculate on the reasons for this synchronous timing, but one possibility that stands out is the confluence of the five-year policy and leadership cycles in China. This is the first year of the 2021-25 Five-Year Plan, but more importantly, it is the final full year before the top 200 or so members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are selected at its National Congress in October 2022. It bears remembering that those politicians are similar to counterparts elsewhere in facing challenges that have diverted them from other priorities. They spent the first two years of their terms coping with escalating US-China trade tensions, and just when “normal order” loomed after the signing of the Phase One trade agreement, COVID-19 hijacked everyone’s lives. Only recently have they gotten a chance to work on much-delayed goals.

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Culture Club

In sports, dynasties like the American football Packers of the 1960s, the New Zealand All Blacks national rugby squad, and basketball’s San Antonio Spurs have demonstrated the power of culture to bind individuals together and enable a team to produce results above what could be expected by simply adding up the expected contributions of each member. The business world has tried to produce similar results; although exactly what culture is remains poorly defined, the hundreds of jobs available on LinkedIn seeking an individual to oversee a company’s culture certainly attest to its importance. I’ve been fortunate to have a front row seat at an investment firm (Harding Loevner) known for its strong culture and, more recently, at a UK football club (Plymouth Argyle) that is trying to develop a culture that will strengthen the organization behind the team on the pitch. As is frequently the case because of my dual roles, the parallels between the two industries and the two organizations are very much on my mind.

There are many similarities between cultures at football clubs and investment organizations, despite the underlying processes required by their core activities—making decisions on the pitch about how to try and score and defend or making decisions about buying and selling securities—being very different.

In both industries, the goal is for the team to be greater than the sum of its parts. On the pitch, an individual must rely on teammates, but certainly not debate or challenge them. Rather, coaches teach decision making so that, like muscle memory, it is instantaneous and requires little active thought.

At Harding Loevner, rules and processes constrain decision making to prevent it from being dominated by cognitive biases. Colleagues think for themselves but must expose their ideas to challenge. This is the core of our investment culture—what we call “collaboration without consensus.” We believe that one of the most difficult biases to overcome in conducting research is the tendency to give precedence to evidence that confirms our beliefs and to ignore evidence that challenges them. So, it is important that our ideas be continuously exposed to challenge. However, this leads to other problems. Humans, as social beings, generally don’t like disagreement; they are literally fearful of it. That’s why an important part of a culture of collaboration without consensus is that it be enabled by both transparency and the value of tolerance. We strive to sustain an environment in which colleagues do not feel threatened by disagreement and recognize that challenges—while discomfiting—are essential for good decision making.

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From A to Xi: Regulatory Risk in China

Recent changes in the regulatory environment in China have sparked questions and debate about the future of investing in the country, both among people in the wider world and inside Harding Loevner. On August 4, 2021, we hosted a special webcast that featured a lively discussion about these issues. A complete video replay of the conversation is above, but if you prefer to read what was said, a transcript of the discussion follows below. The answers have been lightly edited for clarity.